Ever since Bill Clinton and the World Bank enthusiastically embraced the microfinance concept in the 1990s, we at Local Futures have been skeptical of its benefits, seeing it as part of a whole package of “market solutions” to our social and environmental crises that, in the long run, make things much worse. We have pointed out that these loans often target rural populations who were not previously in debt: they represent the long arm of capitalism reaching into remote rural areas, encouraging a shift away from dependence on the land and the local community, towards competition in a resource-depleting global economy.
It has not been easy to oppose micro-credit: many well-intentioned grassroots activists have bought into the idea that giving ‘Third World’ women a loan would eradicate poverty and reduce population. This thinking was promoted with missionary zeal, and spread rapidly across the world. In trying to counter it, we have often felt like heretics. (One of the most difficult moments was when I was asked to debate Muhammad Yunus, the founder of the Grameen Bank, at the height of his popularity, on BBC radio.)
For this reason we’re very happy to see this article by Jason Hickel, a professor of anthropology at the London School of Economics, in the UK Guardian: The microfinance delusion: who really wins? As Hickel says, “microfinance usually makes poverty worse”, because the vast majority of microfinance loans are used to fund the purchase of consumer goods that the borrowers simply can’t afford: “they end up taking out new loans to repay the old ones, wrapping themselves in layers of debt.” Even when used to finance a small business, the most likely outcome is that the new businesses fail, which leads to “vicious cycles of over-indebtedness that drive borrowers even further into poverty.” The only winners are the lenders, many of whom charge exorbitant interest rates. Hickel concludes that “microfinance has become a socially acceptable mechanism for extracting wealth and resources from poor people.”
We would argue that there are other winners in what Hickel calls “the microfinance game”. Corporate interests of all stripes have a vested interest in seeing millions of people drawn more deeply into the debt-based globalized money economy. Interestingly, at the bottom of the webpage where Hickel’s article appears there are links to articles sponsored by the credit card giant Visa, all of them urging more “financial inclusion” in the global South – in other words, bringing more people into the economic system that corporate interests like Visa dominate. “Helping the world’s one billion unbanked women” turns out to be about how “more than 200 million women lack access to a mobile phone, meaning they’re excluded from digital banking opportunities.” Another article argues that one of the greatest challenges facing policymakers involves “providing some 2.5 billion people with access to formal financial services.”
This is propaganda, pure and simple: it is part of a drumbeat coming from think-tanks and corporate-friendly pundits that have been very effective in convincing people – including well-meaning philanthropists and activists – that the solution to global poverty requires pulling ever more people into the global economic system. That system is failing the majority even in the “wealthy” countries, while spurring rampant consumerism and unsustainable resource use worldwide.
The solutions to our many crises – including poverty – will not come from a global marketplace rigged by de-regulatory trade treaties to favor the biggest multinational corporations. They depend on preventing further deregulation of global corporations, while shifting towards more localized economies in which people can have real control over their own lives.
Photo credit: “Plantation Worker,” Luxor, Egypt, by Ryan Stuchly
Thanks for this great article Helena, I agree with your convictions. With this micro-finance system, we only replicate the western model on a smaller scale: the entrepreneurs are pushed to generate revenues in order to pay back, inevitably eroding the sense of community and creating individualism. The intention is good, but in reality, other ways of development should be favored, such as what has been done via The Ladakh Project.
Question from the urban jungle: After reading We Are All Greece a question persists: Why are we paying taxes to a government that only uses them to pay private entities to run what should be publicly owned institutions ie. Prisons, deportation centers. Public money for private profit is the latest laugh of corporations, who are now individuals, and a lackey government that does their bidding. Is there any value in organizing a tax freeze – a ‘not with our money’ movement? And Thank you for your valuable work!
This is very thought-provoking and it is good to find out about all those people who are genuinely facing up to problems in ways that are generally ignored by the mass media. However, in my opinion, the two biggest obstacles to creating a new and better society are not clearly enough brought to the surface. First, I would argue that it is not globalization per se but capitalist globalization that is the main problem, most of the contributions appear to suggest that global capitalism can somehow be transformed into a more caring capitalism though all the evidence seems against this conclusion. Second, the assumption seems to be that more state regulation would curb the worst excesses of capitalist globalization – again the evidence suggests not. The conclusions I would draw are that it is not more economic growth we need but degrowth, and that we have to create new forms of social organization that free us from the capitalist market, the hierarchic state. We have to start thinking about what comes after capitalism and statism.
It has not been easy to oppose micro-credit: many well-intentioned grassroots activists have bought into the idea that giving ‘Third World’ women a loan would eradicate poverty and reduce population.
Thanks for sharing this. There are still a lot of things that we should be aware of, particularly in the business world.